Languages

Traveling Languages Series Post: N

If you’re thinking of traveling to other countries, it’s interesting to see the languages officially used there. I’m hoping this series will help you plan which countries to visit to practice, study, or hear a rare language or simply just to know which languages are official in which state.

  •  Namibia

    • English
    • Afrikaans (national language)
    • German (regional language)
    • Oshiwambo (regional language)
  •  Nauru
    • English
    • Nauruan
  •  Nepal
    • Nepali
  •  Netherlands
    • Dutch (de facto, statewide)
    • West Frisian (in Friesland)
    • Limburgish (regional language)
    • Low Saxon (regional language)
    • Papiamento (on Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire)
    • English (on Sint Maarten, Sint Eustatius and Saba)
  •  New Zealand
    • English is a de facto official language (statewide)
    • Maori (statewide)
    • NZSL (NZ Deaf community)
    • Tokelauan (in Tokelau)
    • Cook Islands Maori (in Cook Islands)
    • Niuean (in Niue)
  •  Nicaragua
    • Spanish
  •  Niger
    • French
    • Hausa (national)
    • Fulfulde (national)
    • Gulmancema (national)
    • Kanuri (national)
    • Zarma (national)
    • Tamasheq (national)
  •  Nigeria
    • English (official)
    • Hausa (national)
    • Yoruba (national)
    • Igbo (national)
  •  Norway (Languages of Norway)
    • Norwegian (statewide) (Bokmål and Nynorsk are the official forms, and municipalities choose between them or a neutral stance)
    • Sami (indigenous language in vast areas from Engerdal to the Russian border, official administrative language in Kautokeino, Karasjok, Gáivuotna – Kåfjord, Nesseby,Porsanger, Tana, Tysfjord, and Snåsa)
    • Kven (national minority language, administrative language in Porsanger)
    • Romani (national minority language)
    • Scandoromani (national minority language)

Info retrieved from Wikipedia.

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Languages

Traveling Languages Series Post: B

If you’re thinking of traveling to other countries, it’s interesting to see the languages officially used there. I’m hoping this series will help you plan which countries to visit to practice, study, or hear a rare language or simply just to know which languages are official in which state.

  •  Bahamas
    • English
  •  Bahrain
    • Arabic
  •  Bangladesh
    • Bengali
  •  Barbados
    • English
  •  Belarus
    • Belarusian
    • Russian
  •  Belgium (Languages of Belgium)[12]
    • Dutch (Official only in Flanders, including Brussels)
    • French (Official only in Brussels and in Wallonia, though not in the German-speaking Community of Belgium)
    • German (Official only in the German-speaking Community of Belgium)
  •  Belize
    • English (Official language)
    • Kriol (the lingua franca)
    • Spanish (Minority language spoken on the border with Mexico and Guatemala)
  •  Benin
    • French
  •  Bhutan
    • Dzongkha
  •  Bolivia
    • Spanish
    • Aymara
    • Quechua
  •  Bosnia and Herzegovina
    • Bosnian
    • Croatian
    • Serbian
  •  Botswana
    • English
    • Tswana (national)
  •  Brazil
    • Portuguese (national, all cities)
    • German (in Pomerode, Santa Catarina)
    • Pomeranian (in Pancas[14][15] and Santa Maria de Jetibá, in Espírito Santo)
    • Hunsrückisch (in Antônio Carlos, Santa Catarina)
    • Talian (in Serafina Corrêa, Rio Grande do Sul)
    • Nheengatu, Baniwa and Tucano (in São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Amazonas)
    • Guarani (in Tacuru, Mato Grosso do Sul)
  •  Brunei
    • Malay
  •  Bulgaria
    • Bulgarian
  •  Burkina Faso
    • French
    • Fula (national)
    • Jula (national)
    • More (national)
  •  Burundi
    • French
    • Kirundi
Info retrieved from Wikipedia.
Languages

Traveling Languages Series Post: T, U

If you’re thinking of traveling to other countries, it’s interesting to see the languages officially used there. I’m hoping this series will help you plan which countries to visit to practice, study, or hear a rare language or simply just to know which languages are official in which state.

  •  Tajikistan
    • Tajik (national)
    • Russian (for interethnic communication)
  •  Tanzania
    • Swahili (national)
    • English
  •  Thailand
    • Thai
  •  Togo
    • French
  •  Tonga
    • English
    • Tongan (national)
  •  Trinidad and Tobago
    • English
  •  Tunisia
    • Arabic (national)
    • French
  •  Turkey
    • Turkish
  •  Turkmenistan
    • Turkmen (national)
    • Russian (for interethnic communication)
  •  Tuvalu
    • English
    • Tuvaluan (national)
  •  Uganda
    • English
    • Swahili
  •  Ukraine
    • Ukrainian
  •  United Arab Emirates
    • Arabic
  •  United Kingdom and overseas territories
    • English,with the following specifications:
      • English (in Anguilla, Bermuda, the British Indian Ocean Territory, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, the Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Isle of Man, Jersey, Montserrat, Northern Ireland (de facto), the Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena and Turks and Caicos Islands)
      • Cornish (minority language in Cornwall)
      • Dgèrnésiais (in Guernsey)
      • French (in Guernsey and Jersey)
      • Irish (in Northern Ireland)
      • Jèrriais (in Jersey)
      • Manx (in the Isle of Man)
      • Pitcairnese (in the Pitcairn Islands)
      • Scots (in Scotland)
        • Ulster-Scots (in Northern Ireland)
      • Scottish Gaelic (in Scotland)
      • Welsh (in Wales)
  •  United States
    • No official language nationwide, English is the de facto but not the de jure official language (at the federal level). Spanish is the second-most commonly used language in the U.S. and many forms and documents are published in both languages.
  •  Uruguay
    • Spanish
  •  Uzbekistan
    • Uzbek (national)
    • Russian (for interethnic communication)

Info retrieved from Wikipedia.

Languages

Traveling Languages Series Post: V, Y, Z, & Others

If you’re thinking of traveling to other countries, it’s interesting to see the languages officially used there. I’m hoping this series will help you plan which countries to visit to practice, study, or hear a rare language or simply just to know which languages are official in which state.

 

  •  Vanuatu
    • Bislama (national)
    • English
    • French
  •  Vatican City
    • Italian (de facto—see Languages of Vatican City).
  •  Venezuela
    • Spanish
  •  Vietnam
    • Vietnamese
  •  Yemen
    • Arabic
  •  Zambia
    • English
  •  Zimbabwe
    • English
    • Shona
    • Northern Ndebele

Partially Recognized States

  •  Abkhazia
    • Abkhazian
    • Russian
  •  Kosovo
    • Albanian
    • Serbian
    • Turkish (regional)
  •  Nagorno-Karabakh
    • Armenian
  •  Northern Cyprus
    • Turkish
  •  Palestine
    • Arabic
  •  Sahrawi Republic
    • Arabic
    • Spanish
  •  Somaliland
    • Somalian
    • Arabic
    • English
  •  South Ossetia
    • Ossetian
    • Russian
    • Georgian (regional)
  •  Taiwan
    • Chinese
    • Taiwanese (recognized regional language)
  •  Transnistria
    • Moldavian
    • Russian
    • Ukrainian

Info retrieved from Wikipedia.

Languages

Traveling Languages Series Post: O, P

If you’re thinking of traveling to other countries, it’s interesting to see the languages officially used there. I’m hoping this series will help you plan which countries to visit to practice, study, or hear a rare language or simply just to know which languages are official in which state.

  •  Oman
    • Arabic
  •  Pakistan
    • Urdu (national Language; official)
    • English (official Language)
    • Sindhi (provincial language of Sindh)
    • Other major languages like Punjabi, Balochi and Pashto have no official recognition
  •  Palau
    • English (statewide)
    • Palauan (statewide)
    • Sonsorolese (in Sonsorol)
    • Tobian (in Hatohobei)
    • Japanese (in Angaur)
  •  Panama
    • Spanish
  •  Papua New Guinea
    • English
    • Hiri Motu
    • Tok Pisin
  •  Paraguay
    • Spanish
    • Guaraní
  •  Peru
    • Spanish (Official)
    • Aymara (co-official)
    • Quechua (co-official)
    • All native languages in areas where they are spoken by the majority of people
  •  Philippines
    • Filipino (statewide) (national)
    • English (statewide)
    • Arabic (Recognised as “voluntary and optional” statewide)
    • Spanish (Recognised as “voluntary and optional” statewide)
    • Bikol Central (Recognized as “auxiliary official” in Luzon)
    • Cebuano (“auxiliary official” in Visayas and Mindanao)
    • Chavacano (“auxiliary official” in Basilan and Zamboanga Peninsula)
    • Hiligaynon (“auxiliary official” in Visayas and Mindanao)
    • Ilokano (“auxiliary official” in Luzon)
    • Kapampangan (“auxiliary official” in Luzon)
    • Kinaray-a (“auxiliary official” in the Visayas)
    • Maranao (“auxiliary official” in Mindanao)
    • Maguindanao (“auxiliary official” in Mindanao)
    • Pangasinan (“auxiliary official” in Luzon)
    • Tagalog (“auxiliary official” in Luzon)
    • Tausug (“auxiliary official” in Mindanao)
    • Waray-Waray (“auxiliary official” in the Visayas)
  •  Poland
    • Polish (sole official language of state)
    • Kashubian (recognised regional language and auxiliary language in part of Pomeranian Voivodeship)
    • German (minority language and auxiliary language in part of Opole Voivodeship)
    • Lithuanian (minority language and auxiliary language) in Puńsk commune, Podlaskie Voivodeship
    • Belarusian (minority language and auxiliary language in Hajnówka commune, Podlaskie Voivodeship)
  •  Portugal (Languages of Portugal)
    • Portuguese (official)
    • Mirandese (regional, in Miranda do Douro)

 

Info retrieved from Wikipedia.

Languages

Traveling Languages Series Post: Q, R

If you’re thinking of traveling to other countries, it’s interesting to see the languages officially used there. I’m hoping this series will help you plan which countries to visit to practice, study, or hear a rare language or simply just to know which languages are official in which state.

  •  Qatar
    • Arabic
  •  Romania
    • Romanian (statewide)
    • Armenian (minority language)
    • German (minority language)
    • Hungarian (minority language)
    • Romani (minority language)
    • Serbian (minority language)
    • Slovakian (minority language)
    • Turkish (minority language)
    • Ukrainian (minority language)
  •  Russia (Languages of Russia)
    • Russian (federal; official)
    • Abaza (in the Karachay–Cherkess Republic)
    • Adyghe (in the Republic of Adygea)
    • Agul (in the Republic of Dagestan)
    • Altay (in the Altai Republic)
    • Avar (in the Republic of Dagestan)
    • Azerbaijani (in the Republic of Dagestan)
    • Bashkir (in the Republic of Bashkortostan)
    • Buryat (in Buryat Republic)
    • Chechen (in the Chechen Republic and Republic of Dagestan)
    • Chuvash (in the Chuvash Republic)
    • Dargin (in the Republic of Dagestan)
    • Erzya (in the Republic of Mordovia)
    • Ingush (in the Republic of Ingushetia)
    • Kabardian (in the Kabardino-Balkar and Karachay–Cherkess Republics)
    • Kalmyk (in the Republic of Kalmykia)
    • Karachay-Balkar (in the Kabardino-Balkar and Karachay–Cherkess Republics)
    • Khakas (in the Republic of Khakassia)
    • Komi-Zyrian (in the Komi Republic)
    • Kumyk (in the Republic of Dagestan)
    • Lak (in the Republic of Dagestan)
    • Lezgian (in the Republic of Dagestan)
    • Mari (in the Mari El Republic)
    • Moksha (in the Republic of Mordovia)
    • Nogai (in the Karachay–Cherkess Republic and in the Republic of Dagestan)
    • Ossetic (in the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania)
    • Rutul (in the Republic of Dagestan)
    • Sakha (in the Sakha Republic)
    • Tabasaran (in the Republic of Dagestan)
    • Tatar (in the Republic of Tatarstan)
    • Tati (in the Republic of Dagestan)
    • Tsakhur (in the Republic of Dagestan)
    • Tuvin (in the Tuva Republic)
    • Udmurt (in the Republic of Udmurtia)
  •  Rwanda
    • English
    • French
    • Kinyarwanda

 

Info retrieved from Wikipedia.

Languages

Traveling Languages Series Post: I

If you’re thinking of traveling to other countries, it’s interesting to see the languages officially used there. I’m hoping this series will help you plan which countries to visit to practice, study, or hear a rare language or simply just to know which languages are official in which state.

  •  Iceland
    • Icelandic
    • Icelandic Sign Language
  •  India (Languages with official status in India)
    • English (statewide)
    • Hindi (Central Government, ten states, and Delhi, Chandigarh and Andaman and Nicobar Islands)
    • Assamese (in Assam)
    • Bengali (in Tripura, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, parts of Assam and West Bengal)
    • Bodo (in Assam)
    • Chhattisgarhi (in Chhattisgarh)
    • Dogri (in Jammu and Kashmir)
    • French (in Pondicherry)
    • Garo (in Meghalaya)
    • Gujarati (in Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu, and Gujarat)
    • Kannada (in Karnataka)
    • Karbi (in Assam)
    • Kashmiri (in Jammu and Kashmir)
    • Khasi (in Meghalaya)
    • Kokborok (in Tripura)
    • Konkani (in Goa and Mangalore)
    • Maithili (mentioned on the 8th schedule but no region specified, spoken in Bihar)
    • Malayalam (in Kerala and Pondicherry)
    • Meitei (in Manipur)
    • Marathi (in Maharashtra, Goa, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu)
    • Mizo (in Mizoram)
    • Nepali (in Sikkim)
    • Nicobarese (in Andaman and Nicobar Islands)
    • Oriya (in Orissa)
    • Punjabi (in Punjab, Himachal pradesh, Haryana and Chandigarh)
    • Sanskrit (in Uttarakhand)
    • Santali (in Jharkhand)
    • Sindhi (not regionally specified)
    • Tamil (in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Pondicherry)
    • Telugu (in Andhra Pradesh and Pondicherry)
  •  Indonesia (Languages of Indonesia)
    • Indonesian (national and official)
    • Acehnese (in Aceh)
    • Batak (in North Sumatra)
    • Minangkabau (in West Sumatra)
    • Javanese (in Central Java, Yogyakarta and East Java)
    • Buginese (in South Sulawesi)
    • Banjar (in South Kalimantan)
    • Malay (in Riau, Jambi, West Kalimantan)
    • Sundanese (in Banten and West Java)
    • Balinese (in Bali)
    • Betawi (in Jakarta)
    • Madurese (in Madura)
  •  Iran
    • Persian
  •  Iraq
    • Arabic (statewide)
    • Kurdish (statewide)
    • Assyrian Neo-Aramaic (in assyrian areas)
    • Iraqi Turkmen (in Turkmen areas)
  •  Ireland (Languages of Ireland)

    • English (national)spoken by the 99% of the population
    • Irish (national) spoken by the 0.5% of the population
  •  Israel
    • Hebrew (de facto official)
    • Arabic (co-official)
  •  Italy (Languages of Italy)
    • Italian (statewide)
    • Albanian (in some parts of Southern Italy)
    • Catalan (in Alghero, Sardinia)
    • Croatian (in Montemitro & Acquaviva Collecroce & San Felice, Molise)
    • French (in Aosta Valley)
    • Friulian (in Friuli)
    • German (in South Tyrol)
    • Greek (in some parts of Apulia and Calabria)
    • Ladin (in some parts of Belluno, Veneto and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol)
    • Sardinian (in Sardinia)
    • Sicilian (in Sicily)
    • Slovene (in some parts of Friuli-Venezia Giulia)
    • Venetian (in Veneto)

Info retrieved from Wikipedia.

Languages

Traveling Languages Series Post: D, E, F

If you’re thinking of traveling to other countries, it’s interesting to see the languages officially used there. I’m hoping this series will help you plan which countries to visit to practice, study, or hear a rare language or simply just to know which languages are official in which state.

  •  Denmark
    • Danish (statewide)
    • Faroese (in the Faroe Islands)
    • German (protected minority language in Southern Jutland)
    • Kalaallisut (in Greenland)
  •  Djibouti
    • Arabic
    • French
  •  Dominica
    • English
  •  Dominican Republic
    • Spanish
  •  East Timor
    • Portuguese
    • Tetum
    • Indonesian (constitutionally enlisted as working language, and still in widely used after 23 years annexation)
  •  Ecuador
    • Spanish (Quechua or Kichwa and Shuar are official languages of intercultural relation, ancient languages are official in their territories.)
  •  Egypt
    • Arabic
    • Coptic (de jure language of the Coptic Church)
  •  El Salvador
    • Spanish
  •  Equatorial Guinea
    • Spanish
    • French
    • Portuguese
  •  Eritrea
    • Arabic (working language)
    • Tigrinya (working language)
    • English (official)
  •  Estonia
    • Estonian (nationwide official language)
    • Russian (de facto minority language)
  •  Ethiopia
    • Amharic (working language)
  •  Fiji
    • English
    • Fijian
    • Hindustani
  •  Finland
    • Finnish (statewide, except in the Åland Islands)
    • Swedish (statewide) (in the Åland Islands where Swedish is spoken monolingually)
    • Sami (minority language in Enontekiö, Inari, Sodankylä, and Utsjoki)
  •  France and overseas departments and territories (Languages of France and language policy in France)

    • French (statewide)
    • Corsican (in Corsica)
    • Breton (in Brittany)
    • Tahitian (in French Polynesia)

Info retrieved from Wikipedia.

Languages

Traveling Languages Series Post: G, H

If you’re thinking of traveling to other countries, it’s interesting to see the languages officially used there. I’m hoping this series will help you plan which countries to visit to practice, study, or hear a rare language or simply just to know which languages are official in which state.

  •  Gabon
    • French
  •  Gambia
    • English
  •  Georgia
    • Georgian
  •  Germany
    • German (nationwide; official)
    • Danish (in Schleswig-Holstein) (minority language)
    • Lower Sorbian (in Brandenburg) (minority language)
    • North Frisian (in Schleswig-Holstein) (minority language)
    • Romani (nationwide) (minority language)
    • Saterland Frisian (in Lower Saxony) (minority language)
    • Upper Sorbian (in Saxony) (minority language)
  •  Ghana
    • English (statewide; official)
    • Adangme (in Greater Accra)
    • Dagaare (in the Upper West Region)
    • Dagbani (in the Northern Region)
    • Ewe (in the Volta Region)
    • Ga (in Greater Accra)
    • Gonja (in the Northern Region)
    • Kasem (in the Upper East Region)
    • Nzema (in the Western Region)
    • Twi (in Akuapem, Akyem, Ashanti, Fanteakwa, Fante, and Kwahu)
  •  Greece
    • Greek
  •  Grenada
    • English
  •  Guatemala
    • Spanish
  •  Guinea
    • French
    • Fula (national)
    • Maninka (national)
    • Susu (national)
  •  Guinea-Bissau
    • Portuguese
  •  Guyana
    • English (official)
    • Guyanese Creole (national)
  •  Haiti
    • French
    • Haitian Creole
  •  Honduras
    • Spanish (official)
    • Garifuna (in the Northern Caribbean Coast)
    • English (in the Bay Islands)
    • Miskito (in Eastern Honduras)
  •  Hungary
    • Hungarian (official)
    • Croatian (minority)
    • German (minority)
    • Romanian (minority)
    • Serbian (minority)
    • Slovak (minority)
    • Slovenian (minority)

Info retrieved from Wikipedia.

Languages

Traveling Languages Series Post: C

If you’re thinking of traveling to other countries, it’s interesting to see the languages officially used there. I’m hoping this series will help you plan which countries to visit to practice, study, or hear a rare language or simply just to know which languages are official in which state.

  •  Cambodia
    • Khmer
  •  Cameroon
    • English
    • French
  •  Canada
    • English (federal; de jure official language)
      • De jure official language in the provinces and territories of Manitoba, New Brunswick, the Northwest Territories, Nunavut and the Yukon.
    • French (federal; de jure official language)
      • De jure official language for the provinces and territories of Manitoba, New Brunswick, the Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Quebec and the Yukon.
    • Chipewyan (regional; de jure official language in the Northwest Territories)
    • Cree (regional; de jure official language in the Northwest Territories)
    • Gwich’in (regional; de jure official language in the Northwest Territories)
    • Inuinnaqtun (regional; de jure official language in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut)
    • Inuktitut (regional; de jure official language in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut)
    • Inuvialuktun (regional; de jure official language in the Northwest Territories)
    • North Slavey (regional; de jure official language in the Northwest Territories)
    • South Slavey (regional; de jure official language in the Northwest Territories)
    • Tłįchǫ (regional; de jure official language in the Northwest Territories)
  •  Cape Verde
    • Portuguese (official)
    • Cape Verdean Creole (national)
  •  Central African Republic
    • French
    • Sango (national)
  •  Chad
    • Arabic
    • French
  •  Chile
    • No official language, Spanish is the de facto official language. (the languages and dialects of ethnic groups are also official in their territories)
  •  China
    • Chinese (statewide)
    • Bai (in Dali, Lanping, Yunnan)
    • Blang (in Shuangjiang, Yunnan)
    • Bonan (in Jishishan, Gansu)
    • Daur (in Morin Dawa, Inner Mongolia; Meilisi Daur District, Heilongjiang)
    • Derung (in Gongshan, Yunnan)
    • Dong (in Sanjiang, Guangxi; Qiandongnan, Yuping, Guizhou; Jingzhou, Tongdao, Xinhuang, Zhijiang, Hunan)
    • Dongxiang (Santa) (in Dongxiang, Jishishan, Gansu)
    • Evenki (in Evenk Autonomous Banner, Evenk Ethnic Sumu, Inner Mongolia)
    • Gelao (Klau) (in Daozhen, Wuchuan, Guizhou)
    • Hani (in Honghe, Jiangcheng, Mojiang, Ning’er, Yuanjiang, ZhenyuanYunnan)
    • Hlai (Li) (in Baisha, Baoting, Changjiang, Ledong, Lingshui, Qiongzhong, Hainan)
    • Hmong (Miao) (in Pengshui, Xiushan, Youyang, Chongqing; Chetian, Liangshui, Rongshui, Guangxi; Daozhen, Guanling, Qiandongnan, Qiannan, Qianxinan,Songtao, Weining, Wuchuan, Yinjiang, Zhenning, Ziyun, Guizhou; Baoting, Qiongzhong, Hainan; Enshi, Hubei; Chengbu, Jingzhou, Mayang, Xiangxi, Hunan; Jinping,Luquan, Pingbian, Wenshan, Yunnan)
    • Jingpho (Kachin) (in Dehong, Yunnan)
    • Jino (in Jinuoshan, Yunnan)
    • Kazakh (in Aksai, Gansu; Barkol, Ili, Mori, Xinjiang)
    • Kyrgyz (in Kizilsu, Xinjiang)
    • Korean (in Changbai, Yanbian, Jilin)
    • Lahu (in Lancang, Menglian, Shuangjiang, Zhenyuan, Yunnan)
    • Lisu (in Sudian, Weixi, Yunnan)
    • Maonan (Anan) (in Huanjiang, Guangxi)
    • Mongolian (in Subei, Gansu; Weichang, Hebei; Dorbod, Heilongjiang; Inner Mongolia; Qian Gorlos, Jilin; Fuxin, Harqin, Liaoning; Haixi, Henan, Qinghai; Bayingolin,Bortala, Hoboksar, Xinjiang)
    • Monguor (in Datong, Huzhu, Minhe, Qinghai)
    • Monpa (in Gongri, Jiba, Lebuqule, Mama, Pailong, Tibet)
    • Mulam (in Guzhai, Luocheng, Guangxi)
    • Nanai (Hezhen) (in Bacha, Jiejinkou, Sipai, Heilongjiang)
    • Naxi (Nakhi) (in Yulong, Yunnan)
    • Ngac’ang (Achang) (in Husa, Jiubao, Nangsong, Yunnan)
    • Nu (in Gongshan, Yunnan; not a specific language)
    • Nuosu (Yi) (in Weining, Guizhou; Ebian, Liangshan, Mabian, Sichuan; Chuxiong, Eshan, Honghe, Jiangcheng, Jingdong, Jinggu, Luquan, Nanjian, Ninger, Ninglang,Shilin, Weishan, Xinping, Yangbi, Yuanjiang, Zhenyuan, Yunnan)
    • Oroqen (in Greater Khingan, Oroqin Shibazhan, Inner Mongolia)
    • Palaung (De’ang) (in Santaishan, Yunnan)
    • Pumi (in Lanping, Yunnan)
    • Russian (in Shiwei, Inner Mongolia)
    • Qiangic (in Beichuan, Ngawa, Sichuan)
    • Salar (in Jishishan, Gansu; Xunhua, Qinghai)
    • Sarikoli (Tajik) (in Tashkurgan, Xinjiang)
    • She (in Jingning, Zhejiang)
    • Sui (in Sandu, Guizhou)
    • Tatar (in Daquan, Xinjiang)
    • Tibetan (in Gannan, Tianzhu, Gansu; Guoluo, Haibei, Hainan, Haixi, Huangnan, Yushu, Qinghai; Garzê, Muli, Ngawa, Sichuan; Tibet; Diqing, Yunnan)
    • Tujia (in Pengshui, Shizhu, Xiushan, Youyang, Chongqing; Yanhe, Yinjiang, Guizhou; Changyang, Enshi, Wufeng, Hubei; Xiangxi, Hunan)
    • Uzbek (in Da’nan’gou, Xinjiang)
    • Uyghur (in Xinjiang)
    • Va (in Cangyuan, Gengma, Menglian, Shuangjiang, Ximeng, Yunnan)
    • Vietnamese (in Jinping, Jiangxi)
    • Xibe (in Qapqal, Xinjiang)
    • Yugur (Western, Eastern) (in Sunan, Gansu)
    • Zhuang (in Lianshan, Guangdong; Guangxi; Wenshan, Yunnan)
  •  Colombia
    • Spanish (the languages and dialects of ethnic groups are also official in their territories)
  •  Comoros
    • Arabic
    • Comorian
    • French
  •  Democratic Republic of the Congo
    • French
    • Lingala (national)
    • Kikongo (national)
    • Swahili (national)
    • Tshiluba (national)
  •  Republic of the Congo
    • French
    • Lingala (national)
    • Munukutuba (national)
  •  Costa Rica
    • Spanish
  •  Ivory Coast
    • French
  •  Croatia
    • Croatian (statewide)
    • Italian (at regional level in Istria county)
    • Serbian (in some municipalities)
    • Hungarian (in some municipalities)
    • Czech (in some municipalities)
  •  Cuba
    • Spanish
  •  Cyprus
    • Greek
    • Turkish
    • Armenian (minority language)
  •  Czech Republic
    • Czech
    • Slovak
    • Bulgarian (minority language)
    • Croatian (minority language)
    • German (minority language)
    • Greek (minority language)
    • Hungarian (minority language)
    • Polish (minority language)
    • Romani (minority language)
    • Russian (minority language)
    • Rusyn (minority language)
    • Serbian (minority language)
    • Ukrainian (minority language)

Info retrieved from Wikipedia.

Languages

Traveling Languages Series Post: A

If you’re thinking of traveling to other countries, it’s interesting to see the languages officially used there. I’m hoping this series will help you plan which countries to visit to practice, study, or hear a rare language or simply just to know which languages are official in which state.

  •  Afghanistan

    • Pashto (statewide) (official)
    • Dari (statewide) (official)
    • Uzbek (statewide) (third official language in areas where spoken by majority of population)
    • Turkmen (statewide) (third official language in areas where spoken by majority of population)
    • Pashai (statewide) (third official language in areas where spoken by majority of population)
    • Nuristani (statewide) (third official language in areas where spoken by majority of population)
    • Balochi (statewide) (third official language in areas where spoken by majority of population)
    • Pamiri (statewide) (third official language in areas where spoken by majority of population)
  •  Albania

    • Albanian (based on Tosk dialect)
  •  Algeria
    • Arabic (official and national)
    • Tamazight (national)
  •  Andorra (Languages of Andorra)

    • Catalan
  •  Angola

    • Portuguese
  •  Antigua and Barbuda
    • English (de facto official)
  •  Argentina
    • Spanish (de facto)
    • Guaraní (co-official in Corrientes Province)
  •  Armenia
    • Armenian
    • Kurdish (Minority language)
    • Russian (Minority language)
  •  Australia
    • No official language, English is the de facto official language.
  •  Austria
    • German (official statewide)
    • Croatian (official in Burgenland in areas with a Croat minority) (statewide minority language)
    • Slovene (official in Carinthia and Styria in areas with a Slovene minority) (statewide minority language)
    • Czech (statewide minority language)
    • Hungarian (in Burgenland) (statewide minority language)
    • Slovak (statewide minority language)
    • Romani (statewide minority language)
  •  Azerbaijan
    • Azerbaijani
    • Armenian (Nagorno-Karabagh)

Info retrieved from Wikipedia.

Photo retrieved from http://ccel.ca/2012/02/29/conversation-club-2/

Knowing what to say, T, U: Endonyms, Exonyms, and Toponyms

In linguistics, the name used to refer to a place in a foreign language is known as an exonym. The name used to refer to a geographical feature in its native language is an endonym. When visiting a foreign place it would be helpful to know both. Here’s a brief list of toponyms (names of places), some of which I plan to use while I’m in Europe!

T

Country (exonym) Capital (exonym) Country (endonym) Capital (endonym) Official or native language(s) (alphabet/script)
Taiwan
(See “China (ROC)” entry)
Tajikistan Dushanbe Tojikistan
Тоҷикистон
Dushanbe
Душанбе
Tajiki-Persian
(Cyrilic)
Tanzania Dodoma English
Thailand Bangkok Mueang Thai, Prathet Thai, Ratcha-anachak Thai
เมืองไทย,ประเทศไทย, ราชอาณาจักรไทย
Krung Thep Maha Nakhon
กรุงเทพฯ, กรุงเทพมหานคร
Thai
Togo Lomé French
Tokelau English
Tonga Nukuʻalofa Tonga Nukuʻalofa Tongan
Trinidad and Tobago Port of Spain English
Tunisia Tunis Tunis
تونس
Tunis
تونس
Arabic
(Arabic script)
Turkey Ankara Türkiye Ankara Turkish
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Nicosia Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti Lefkoşa Turkish
Turkmenistan Ashgabat Türkmenistan Aşgabat Turkmen
Turks and Caicos Islands Cockburn Town English
Tuvalu Fongafale (in Funafuti) English

U

Country (exonym) Capital (exonym) Country (endonym) Capital (endonym) Official or native language(s) (alphabet/script)
Uganda Kampala English
Ukraine Kiev Ukraїna
Україна
Kyїv
Київ
Ukrainian
(Cyrillic script)
United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi Al-’Imārat Al-‘Arabiyyah Al-Muttaḥidah
الإمارات العربيّة المتّحدة
‘Abū ẓabī
أبوظبي
Arabic
(Arabic script)
United Kingdom London United Kingdom
Y Deyrnas Unedig
Unitit Kinrick
Rìoghachd Aonaichte
Ríocht Aontaithe
London
Llundain
Lunnon
Lunnainn
Londain
English
Welsh
Scots
Scots Gaelic
Irish
United States Washington, D.C. United States or America
Estados Unidos or
Ta-Te
or América
États-Unis or Amérique
‘Amelika-hui-pu-’ia or ‘Amelika-hui
Washington D.C.
Washington D.C.
Washington D.C.
Wakinekona or Wasinetona
English
Spanish
Cajun French
Indigenous
Hawaiian
Uruguay Montevideo República Oriental del Uruguay Montevideo Spanish
Uzbekistan Tashkent O’zbekiston Toshkent Uzbek

Source:wikipedia

Photo retrieved from http://ccel.ca/2012/02/29/conversation-club-2/

Knowing what to say, V, W, X, Y, Z: Endonyms, Exonyms, and Toponyms

In linguistics, the name used to refer to a place in a foreign language is known as an exonym. The name used to refer to a geographical feature in its native language is an endonym. When visiting a foreign place it would be helpful to know both. Here’s a brief list of toponyms (names of places), some of which I plan to use while I’m in Europe!

V

Country (exonym) Capital (exonym) Country (endonym) Capital (endonym) Official or native language(s) (alphabet/script)
Vanuatu Port Vila Vanuatu Port-Vila English
Vatican City Vatican City Civitas Vaticana Latin
Venezuela Caracas Spanish
Vietnam Hanoi Việt Nam Hà Nội Vietnamese
Virgin Islands, British Road Town English
Virgin Islands, US Charlotte Amalie English

W, X, Y, Z

Country (exonym) Capital (exonym) Country (endonym) Capital (endonym) Official or native language(s) (alphabet/script)
Wallis and Futuna Matâ’Utu Wallis-et-Futuna Matâ’Utu French
Yemen Sana’a Al-Yaman
اليمن
Ṣan‘ā’
ﺻﻨﻌﺎﺀ
Arabic
(Arabic script)
Zambia Lusaka English
Zimbabwe Harare English

Source:wikipedia

Photo retrieved from http://ccel.ca/2012/02/29/conversation-club-2/

Knowing what to say, M: Endonyms, Exonyms, and Toponyms

In linguistics, the name used to refer to a place in a foreign language is known as an exonym. The name used to refer to a geographical feature in its native language is an endonym. When visiting a foreign place it would be helpful to know both. Here’s a brief list of toponyms (names of places), some of which I plan to use while I’m in Europe!

Country (exonym) Capital (exonym) Country (endonym) Capital (endonym) Official or native language(s) (alphabet/script)
Macedonia Skopje Makedonija
Македонија
Skopje
Скопје
Macedonian
(Cyrillic script)
Madagascar Antananarivo Madagasikara
Madagascar
Antananarivo
Antananarivo/Tananarive
Malagasy
French
Malawi Lilongwe English, Chichewa
Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Malay
Maldives Malé Dhivehi Raajje
ދިވެހިރާއްޖެ
Malé
މާލެ
Dhivehi
(Thaana script)
Mali Bamako Mali
Mali
Bamako
Bamakɔ
French
Bambara
Malta Valletta Malta Valletta or Il-Belt Valletta Maltese
Marshall Islands Majuro English, Marshallese
Martinique Fort-de-France French
Mauritania Nouakchott Muritanya / Agawec
ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵢⴰ / ⴰⴳⴰⵡⴻⵛ
mūritaniyah
موريتانيا
Nwakcuṭ
ⵏⵡⴰⴽⵛⵓⵟ
nwakšūṭ
نواكشوط
Berber language
(Tifinagh script)
Arabic
(Arabic script)
Mauritius Port Louis Maurice Port Louis English
French
Mayotte Mamoudzou Mayotte Mamoudzou French
Mexico Mexico City México Ciudad de México Spanish
Federated States of Micronesia Palikir English
Moldova Chișinău Moldova Chișinău Romanian
Monaco Monaco French
Mongolia Ulaanbaatar Mongol Uls
Монгол Улс
Ulaanbaatar
Улаанбаатар
Mongolian
(Cyrillic script)
Montenegro Podgorica Crna Gora
Црна Гора
Podgorica
Подгорица
Serbian
Montserrat Brades Estate[4] English
Morocco Rabat Amerruk / Elmeɣrib
ⴰⵎⴻⵔⵔⵓⴽ / ⴻⵍⵎⴻⵖⵔⵉⴱ
Al-maɣréb
المغرب
Errbaṭ
ⴻⵔⵔⴱⴰⵟ
Ar-ribaaṭ
الرباط
Berber language
(Tifinagh script)
Arabic
(Arabic script)
Mozambique Maputo Moçambique Maputo Portuguese

Source:wikipedia

Photo retrieved from http://ccel.ca/2012/02/29/conversation-club-2/

Knowing what to say, S: Endonyms, Exonyms, and Toponyms

In linguistics, the name used to refer to a place in a foreign language is known as an exonym. The name used to refer to a geographical feature in its native language is an endonym. When visiting a foreign place it would be helpful to know both. Here’s a brief list of toponyms (names of places), some of which I plan to use while I’m in Europe!

Country (exonym) Capital (exonym) Country (endonym) Capital (endonym) Official or native language(s) (alphabet/script)
Saint-Pierre and Miquelon Saint-Pierre Saint-Pierre et Miquelon Saint-Pierre French
Saint Helena Jamestown English
Saint Kitts and Nevis Basseterre English
Saint Lucia Castries English
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Kingstown English
Samoa Apia English
Samoan
San Marino San Marino Italian
São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé São Tomé e Príncipe São Tomé Portuguese
Saudi Arabia Riyadh Al-Mamlaka Al-‘Arabiyyah as Sa‘ūdiyyah
المملكة العربية السعودية
Ar-Riyāḍ
الرياض
Arabic
(Arabic script)
Senegal Dakar Sénégal Dakar French
Serbia Belgrade Srbija
Србија
Beograd
Београд
Serbian
(Cyrillic script)
Seychelles Victoria Sesel
Seychelles
Seychelles
Victoria or Port Victoria Seychellois Creole
French
English
Sierra Leone Freetown English
Singapore Singapura
Singapore
Xīnjiāpō
新加坡
Singapur
சிங்கப்பூர்
Malay
English
Mandarin Chinese
(Simplified Chinese characters)
Tamil
(Tamil script)
Slovakia Bratislava Slovensko Bratislava Slovak
Slovenia Ljubljana Slovenija Ljubljana Slovene
Solomon Islands Honiara Solomon Aelan Honiala English & Pijin English
Somalia Mogadishu Soomaaliya
aş-Şūmāl
الصومال
Muqdisho
Maqadīshū
مقديشو
Somali
Arabic
(Arabic script)
South Africa Pretoria (administrative capital), Cape Town (legislative capital), Bloemfontein, (judicial capital) South Africa
Suid-Afrika
iNingizimu Afrika
uMzantsi Afrika
Afrika-Borwa
Afrika Borwa
Aforika Borwa
Afurika Tshipembe
Afrika Dzonga
iNingizimu Afrika
iSewula Afrika
Pretoria, Cape Town
Pretoria, Kaapstad
iPitoli
iPitoli
Pretoria
Pretoria
Pretoria
Pretoria
Pitori
iPitoli
iPitori
English
Afrikaans
Zulu
Xhosa
Pedi
Sotho
Tswana
Venda
Tsonga
Swazi
Ndebele
South Sudan Juba English
South Ossetia[1] Tskhinval Khussar Iryston
Хуссар Ирыстон
Samkhret Oseti
სამხრეთი ოსეთი
Южная Осетия
Yuzhnaya Osetiya
Chreba
Чъреба
Tskhinvali
ცხინვალი
Tskhinval
Цхинвал
Ossetic
Georgian
Russian
Spain Madrid España
Espanya
Espainia
Espanha
Madrid
Madrid
Madril
Madrid
Spanish/Galician
Catalan
Basque
Aranese
Sri Lanka colombo Sri Lankā
ශ්‍රී ලංකාව
ஸ்ரீ லங்க
colombo
ශ්‍රී ජයවර්ධනපුර කෝට්ටේ
கொழும்பு
Sinhala
Tamil
Sudan Khartoum As-Sudan
السودان
Al-Khartûm
الخرطوم
Arabic
(Arabic script)
Suriname Paramaribo Dutch
Svalbard Longyearbyen Svalbard Longyearbyen Norwegian
Swaziland Mbabane English
Sweden Stockholm Sverige Stockholm Swedish
Switzerland Bern Schweiz
Suisse
Svizzera
Svizra
Bern
Berne
Berna
Berna
German
French
Italian
Romansh
Syria Damascus Suriyah
سورية
Dimashq / Ash-Sham
الشام / دمشق
Arabic
(Arabic script)

Source:wikipedia

Photo retrieved from http://ccel.ca/2012/02/29/conversation-club-2/

Knowing what to say, K, L: Endonyms, Exonyms, and Toponyms

In linguistics, the name used to refer to a place in a foreign language is known as an exonym. The name used to refer to a geographical feature in its native language is an endonym. When visiting a foreign place it would be helpful to know both. Here’s a brief list of toponyms (names of places), some of which I plan to use while I’m in Europe!

K

Country (exonym) Capital (exonym) Country (endonym) Capital (endonym) Official or native language(s) (alphabet/script)
Kazakhstan Astana Qazaqstan
Қазақстан
Kazakhstán
Казахстан
Astana
Астана
Astana
Астана
Kazakh
(Cyrillic script)
Russian
(Cyrillic script)
Kenya Nairobi English, Swahili
Kiribati Tarawa[3] English, Gilbertese
Korea (North) P’yŏngyang Chosŏn as called in NK
조선 / 朝鮮
Buk-han as called in SK
북한 / 北韓
P’yŏngyang
평양 / 平壌
Korean
(Hangul/Hanja)
Korea (South) Seoul Hanguk as called in SK
한국 / 韓國
Nam-josŏn as called in NK
남조선 / 南朝鮮
Seoul
서울 / 漢城
Korean
(Hangul/Hanja)
Kosovo[1] Prishtinë Kosova, Косово Prishtinë, Приштина (Priština) Albanian, Serbian
(Latin, Cyrillic)
Kuwait Kuwait City Al-Kuwayt
الكويت
Al-Kuwayt
الكويت
Arabic
(Arabic script)
Kyrgyzstan Bishkek Kyrgyzstan
Кыргызстан
Kirgizija
Киргизия
Bishkek
Бишкек
Bishkek
Бишкек
Kyrgyz
(Cyrillic script)
Russian
(Cyrillic script)

L

Country (exonym) Capital (exonym) Country (endonym) Capital (endonym) Official or native language(s) (alphabet/script)
Laos Vientiane Lao
ລາວ
Vientiane or Vieng Chan
ວຽງຈັນ
Lao
Lao alphabet
Latvia Riga Latvija Rīga Latvian
Lebanon Beirut Lubnān
لبنان
Bayrūt
بيروت
Arabic
(Arabic script)
Lesotho Maseru Sesotho, English
Liberia Monrovia English
Libya Tripoli Libya
ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ
Lībiyā
ليبيا
Ṭrables
ⵟⵔⴰⴱⵍⴻⵙ
Tarabulus
طرابلس
Berber language
(Tifinagh script)
Arabic
(Arabic script)
Liechtenstein Vaduz Liechtenstein Vaduz German
Lithuania Vilnius Lietuva Vilnius Lithuanian
Luxembourg Luxembourg Lëtzebuerg
Luxemburg
Luxembourg
Lëtzebuerg
Luxemburg
Luxembourg
Luxembourgish
German
French

Source:wikipedia

Photo retrieved from http://ccel.ca/2012/02/29/conversation-club-2/

Knowing what to say, I, J: Endonyms, Exonyms, and Toponyms

In linguistics, the name used to refer to a place in a foreign language is known as an exonym. The name used to refer to a geographical feature in its native language is an endonym. When visiting a foreign place it would be helpful to know both. Here’s a brief list of toponyms (names of places), some of which I plan to use while I’m in Europe!

I

Country (exonym) Capital (exonym) Country (endonym) Capital (endonym) Official or native language(s) (alphabet/script)
Iceland Reykjavík Ísland Reykjavík Icelandic
India, Republic of New Delhi Bharôt
ভাৰত
Bharot
ভারত
India
Bhārat
ભારત
Bhārat, Hindustān
भारत, हिंदुस्तान
Bhārata
ಭಾರತ
Hindōstān
ہندوستان
Bhārat
भारत
Inḍya, Bhāratam
ഇന്ത്യ, ഭാരതം
Bhārat
भारत
Bhārat
भारत
Bharôtô
ଭାରତ
Bhārat, Hindustān
ਭਾਰਤ, ਹਿੰਦੁਸਤਾਨ
Bhāratam
भारतम्
Bhāratu, Hindustānu
ڀارت، هندستان
Indiyā, Bārata
இந்தியா, பாரத
Bhāratadēsham
భారత దేశం
Hindostān, Bhārat
ہندوستان، بھارت
Nôtun Dilli
নয়া দিল্লী
Nôea Dilli
নয়া দিল্লী
New Delhi
Navī Dilhī
નવી દિલ્હી
Naī Dillī
नई दिल्ली
Nava Dehali
ನವ ದೆಹಲಿ
Dilī
دِلى
Navī Dillī
नवी दिल्ली
Nyūḍalhi
ന്യൂഡല്ഹി
Navī Dillī
नवी दिल्लीNūadillī
ନୂଆଦିଲ୍ଲୀ
Navīñ Dillī
ਨਵੀਂ ਦਿੱਲੀ
Nava Dehalī
दिल्ली
Naīñ Dihlī
نئين دهلي
Puduḍilli
புதுடில்லி
Krothha ḍhillī
క్రొత్త ఢిల్లీ
Naī Dĕhlī, Naī Dillī
نئی دہلی، نئی دلی
Assamese
(Assamese script)
Bengali
(Bengali script)
English
Gujarati
(Gujarāti script)
Hindi
(Devanagari script)
Kannada
(Kannada script)
Kashmiri
(Perso-Arabic script)
Konkani
(Devanagari script)
Malayalam
(Malayalam script)
Marathi
(Devanagari script)
Nepali
(Devanagari script)
Oriya
(Oriya script)
Panjabi
(Gurmukhi script)
Sanskrit
Devanagari script
Sindhi
(Perso-Arabic script)
Tamil
(Tamil script)
Telugu
(Telugu script)
Urdu
(Perso-Arabic script)
Indonesia Jakarta Indonesia Jakarta Indonesian
Iran Tehran Īrān
ایران
Tehrān
تهران
Persian
(Perso-Arabic script)
Iraq Baghdad Al-’Iraq
العراق
Baghdad
بغداد
Arabic and Kurdish
(Arabic script)
Ireland Dublin Éire
Ireland
Baile Átha Cliath
Dublin
Irish
English
Isle of Man Douglas Isle of Man
Ellan Vannin
Douglas
Doolish
English
Manx
Israel Jerusalem Yisrael
ישראל
Isrā’īl
إسرائيل
Yerushalayim
ירושלים
Ūršalīm
أورشليم
Hebrew
(Hebrew alphabet)
Arabic
(Arabic alphabet)
Italy Rome Italia Roma Italian

J

Country (exonym) Capital (exonym) Country (endonym) Capital (endonym) Official or native language(s) (alphabet/script)
Jamaica Kingston English
Japan Tokyo Nippon or Nihon
日本
Tōkyō
東京
Japanese
(Kanji/Hiragana/Katakana)
Jersey St. Helier Jersey
Jersey
Jèrri
St. Helier
Saint Hélier
Saint Hélyi
English
French
Jèrriais
Jordan Amman Al-’Urdun
الأردن
‘Ammān
عمان
Arabic
(Arabic script)

Source:wikipedia

Photo retrieved from http://ccel.ca/2012/02/29/conversation-club-2/

Knowing what to say, N, O: Endonyms, Exonyms, and Toponyms

In linguistics, the name used to refer to a place in a foreign language is known as an exonym. The name used to refer to a geographical feature in its native language is an endonym. When visiting a foreign place it would be helpful to know both. Here’s a brief list of toponyms (names of places), some of which I plan to use while I’m in Europe!

N

Country (exonym) Capital (exonym) Country (endonym) Capital (endonym) Official or native language(s) (alphabet/script)
Namibia Windhoek Namibia Windhoek
Windhuk
Windhoek
/Ae-//Gams
Otjomuise
English
German
Afrikaans
Damara/Nama
Herero
Nauru Yaren (de facto)[5] Naoero
Nauruo
English
Nauruan
Nepal Kathmandu Nepāla
नेपाल
Kāṭhamāṇḍauṃ
काठमाण्डौं
Kāntipura
कान्तिपुर
Yen Dey
येँ देय्‌
Nepali
Devanagari
Netherlands Amsterdam Nederland
Nederlân
Amsterdam
Amsterdam
Dutch language
Frisian language
New Caledonia Nouméa Nouvelle-Calédonie Nouméa French
New Zealand[6] Wellington New Zealand
Aotearoa
Wellington
Poneke/Te Whanganui-a-Tara
English
Māori
Nicaragua Managua Spanish
Niger Niamey French
Nigeria Abuja English, Hausa, Igbo, Yoruba, Pidgin English, Ibibio
Niue Alofi Niuē
Niue
Alofi
Alofi
Niuean
English
Norfolk Island Kingston English
Northern Ireland Belfast English
Northern Mariana Islands Saipan English
Norway Oslo Norge
Noreg
Oslo
Oslo
Norwegian Bokmål
Norwegian Nynorsk

O

Country (exonym) Capital (exonym) Country (endonym) Capital (endonym) Official or native language(s) (alphabet/script)
Oman Muscat ‘Umān
عُمان
Masqaṭ
مسقط
Arabic
(Arabic script)

Source:wikipedia

Photo retrieved from http://ccel.ca/2012/02/29/conversation-club-2/

Knowing what to say, P, Q, R: Endonyms, Exonyms, and Toponyms

In linguistics, the name used to refer to a place in a foreign language is known as an exonym. The name used to refer to a geographical feature in its native language is an endonym. When visiting a foreign place it would be helpful to know both. Here’s a brief list of toponyms (names of places), some of which I plan to use while I’m in Europe!

P

Country (exonym) Capital (exonym) Country (endonym) Capital (endonym) Official or native language(s) (alphabet/script)
Pakistan Islamabad Pākistān
پاکستان
Islāmabād
اسلام‌اباد
Urdu, English
Palau Ngerulmud Belau Ngerulmud English, Palauan
Palestinian National Authority[1] Ramallah and Gaza Filastīn
فلسطين
Rāmallāh, Ġazzah
رام الله, غزة
Arabic
(Arabic script)
Panama Panama City Panamá Panamá Spanish
Papua New Guinea Port Moresby Papua New Guinea
Papua Niugini
Papua Niugini
Port Moresby
Pot Mosbi
Pot Mosbi
English
Tok Pisin
Hiri Motu
Paraguay Asunción Paraguay
Paraguái
Asunción
Paraguay
Spanish
Guaraní
Peru Lima Perú Lima Spanish
Philippines Manila Pilipinas
Philippines
Filipinas
ᜉᜒᜎᜒᜉᜒᜈᜐ᜔
Pilipinas
Maynila
Manila
Manila
ᜋᜈᜒᜎ
Menila
Filipino / Tagalog
English
Spanish
(Tagalog script)
Kapampangan
Pitcairn Islands Adamstown English
Poland Warsaw Polska Warszawa Polish
Portugal Lisbon Portugal Lisboa Portuguese
Puerto Rico San Juan Spanish

Q

Country (exonym) Capital (exonym) Country (endonym) Capital (endonym) Official or native language(s) (alphabet/script)
Qatar Doha Qaṭar
قطر
Ad-Dawḥah
الدوحة
Arabic
(Arabic script)

R

Country (exonym) Capital (exonym) Country (endonym) Capital (endonym) Official or native language(s) (alphabet/script)
Réunion Saint-Denis Réunion Saint-Denis French
Romania Bucharest România București Romanian
Russia Moscow Rossiya or Rossiâ
Россия1
Moskva
Москва
Russian
(Cyrillic script)
Rwanda Kigali French, Kinyarwanda, English

Source:wikipedia

Photo retrieved from http://ccel.ca/2012/02/29/conversation-club-2/

Knowing what to say, B: Endonyms, Exonyms, and Toponyms

In linguistics, the name used to refer to a place in a foreign language is known as an exonym. The name used to refer to a geographical feature in its native language is an endonym. When visiting a foreign place it would be helpful to know both. Here’s a brief list of toponyms (names of places), some of which I plan to use while I’m in Europe!

Country (exonym) Capital (exonym) Country (endonym) Capital (endonym) Official or native language(s) (alphabet/script)
The Bahamas Nassau English
Bahrain Manama Al-Baḥrayn
البحرين
Al-Manāmah
المنامة
Arabic
(Arabic script)
Bangladesh Dhaka Bangladesh
বাংলাদেশ
Ḍhaka
ঢাকা
Bengali
(Bengali script)
Barbados Bridgetown English
Belarus Minsk Belarus’
Беларусь
Biełaruś
Belorussiya or Belorussiâ
Белоруссия
Minsk (Mensk)
Мінск (Менск)
Miensk
Minsk
Минск
Belarusian (archaic form)
(Cyrillic script)
(Latin Belarusian Alphabet)
Russian
(Cyrillic script)
Belgium Brussels België
Belgique
Belgien
Brussel
Bruxelles
Brüssel
Dutch
French
German
Belize Belmopan English
Benin Porto-Novo Bénin Porto-Novo French
Bermuda Hamilton English
Bhutan Thimphu Druk Yul
འབྲུག་ཡུལ
Thimphu
ཐིམ་ཕུ
Dzongkha
Bolivia La Paz Bolivia
Buliwya
Wuliwya
Volívia
La Paz
Chuqiyapu
Chuqiyapu
La Paz
Spanish
Quechua
Aymara
Guaraní
Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo Bosna i Hercegovina
Босна и Херцеговина
Sarajevo
Сарајево
Bosnian, Serbian, Croatian
(Cyrillic script)
Botswana Gaborone English
Brazil Brasília Brasil Brasília Portuguese
Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan Brunei
بروني
Bandar Seri Begawan or Bandar
باندر سري بڬاون
Malay
(Jawi script)
Bulgaria Sofia Bulgariya or Bălgarija
България
Sofiya or Sofija[2]
София
Bulgarian
(Cyrillic script)
Burkina Faso Ouagadougou French
Burma Naypyidaw Myanmar
မြန်မာ
Nay Pyi Taw
နေပြည်တော်
Burmese
(Burmese alphabet)
Burundi Bujumbura Kirundi, French

Source:wikipedia

Photo retrieved from http://ccel.ca/2012/02/29/conversation-club-2/

Knowing what to say, G, H: Endonyms, Exonyms, and Toponyms

In linguistics, the name used to refer to a place in a foreign language is known as an exonym. The name used to refer to a geographical feature in its native language is an endonym. When visiting a foreign place it would be helpful to know both. Here’s a brief list of toponyms (names of places), some of which I plan to use while I’m in Europe!

G

Country (exonym) Capital (exonym) Country (endonym) Capital (endonym) Official or native language(s) (alphabet/script)
Gabon Libreville French
The Gambia Banjul English
Georgia Tbilisi Sak’art’velo
საქართველო
Tbilisi
თბილისი
Georgian
(Georgian alphabet)
Germany Berlin Deutschland Berlin German
Ghana Accra English
Akan
Fante
Twi
Ga
Dagbani
Ewe
Gibraltar Gibraltar English
Greece Athens Hellas
Ελλάς
or
Ellada
Ελλάδα
Athinai
Αθήναι
or
Athina
Αθήνα
Greek
(Greek alphabet)
Greenland Nuuk Kalaallit Nunaat
Grønland
Nuuk
Godthåb
Danish
Grenada St. George’s English
Guadeloupe Basse-Terre French
Guam Hagåtña English
Guatemala Guatemala City Guatemala La Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción Spanish
Guernsey St Peter Port English
Guinea Conakry Guinée
Gine
Gine
Conakry
Kɔnakiri
Konakiri
French
Maninka, Susu
Pular
Guinea-Bissau Bissau Guiné-Bissau Bissau Portuguese
Guyana Georgetown English

H

Country (exonym) Capital (exonym) Country (endonym) Capital (endonym) Official or native language(s) (alphabet/script)
Haiti Port-au-Prince Haïti
Ayiti
Port-au-Prince
Pòtoprens
French
Haitian Creole
Honduras Tegucigalpa Spanish
Hungary Budapest Magyarország Budapest Hungarian

Source:wikipedia

Photo retrieved from http://ccel.ca/2012/02/29/conversation-club-2/

Knowing what to say, D, E, F: Endonyms, Exonyms, and Toponyms

In linguistics, the name used to refer to a place in a foreign language is known as an exonym. The name used to refer to a geographical feature in its native language is an endonym. When visiting a foreign place it would be helpful to know both. Here’s a brief list of toponyms (names of places), some of which I plan to use while I’m in Europe!

D

Country (exonym) Capital (exonym) Country (endonym) Capital (endonym) Official or native language(s) (alphabet/script)
Denmark Copenhagen Danmark København Danish
Djibouti Djibouti Jībūtī
جيبوتي
Djibouti
Jībūtī
جيبوتي
Djibouti
Arabic
(Arabic script)
French
Dominica Roseau English
Dominican Republic Santo Domingo República Dominicana Santo Domingo Spanish

E

Country (exonym) Capital (exonym) Country (endonym) Capital (endonym) Official or native language(s) (alphabet/script)
East Timor Díli Timor Lorosa’e
Timor-Leste
Díli
Díli
Tetum
Portuguese
Ecuador Quito Spanish
Egypt Cairo Misr or Masr
مصر
Al-Qāhirah
القاهرة
Arabic
(Arabic script)
El Salvador San Salvador Spanish
Equatorial Guinea Malabo Guinea Ecuatorial Malabo Spanish
Eritrea Asmara Iritriya
إرتريا
Erta
ኤርትራ
Asmaraa
أسمرا
Asmära
አሥመራ
Arabic
(Arabic script)
Tigrinya
Estonia Tallinn Eesti Tallinn Estonian
Ethiopia Addis Ababa Ityop’ia
ኢትዮጵያ
Addis Abäba
አዲስ አበባ
Amharic

F

Country (exonym) Capital (exonym) Country (endonym) Capital (endonym) Official or native language(s) (alphabet/script)
Faroe Islands Tórshavn Føroyar
Færøerne
Tórshavn
Thorshavn
Faroese
Danish
Fiji Suva Fiji
Viti
फ़िजी
Suva English
Fijian
Hindustani
Finland Helsinki Suomi
Finland
Helsinki
Helsingfors
Finnish
Swedish
France Paris French
French Guiana Cayenne Guyane Cayenne French
French Polynesia Papeete Polynésie française Papeete French

Source:wikipedia

Photo retrieved from http://ccel.ca/2012/02/29/conversation-club-2/

Knowing what to say, C: Endonyms, Exonyms, and Toponyms

In linguistics, the name used to refer to a place in a foreign language is known as an exonym. The name used to refer to a geographical feature in its native language is an endonym. When visiting a foreign place it would be helpful to know both. Here’s a brief list of toponyms (names of places), some of which I plan to use while I’m in Europe!

Country (exonym) Capital (exonym) Country (endonym) Capital (endonym) Official or native language(s) (alphabet/script)
Cambodia Phnom Penh Kampuchea
កម្ពុជា
Phnom Penh
ភ្នំពេញ
Khmer
ខ្មែរ
Cameroon Yaoundé Cameroun
Cameroon
Yaoundé
Yaoundé
French
English
Canada Ottawa English
French
Indigenous
Cape Verde Praia Cabo Verde Praia Portuguese
Cayman Islands George Town English
Central African Republic Bangui République Centrafricaine
Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka
Bangui
Bangî
French
Sango
Chad N’Djamena Tchad
Tšād
تشاد
Ndjamena
Nijāmīnā
نجامينا
French
Arabic
(Arabic script)
Chile Santiago Spanish
China (PRC)[1] Beijing Zhōngguó (Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó)
中国 (中华人民共和国)
Běijīng
北京
Mandarin Chinese
(Simplified Chinese characters)
China (ROC)[1]
or Taiwan
Taipei Zhōnghuá Mínguó or Táiwan
中華民國 or 臺灣/台灣
Táiběi
臺北/台北
Chinese
(Traditional Chinese characters)
Christmas Island Flying Fish Cove Christmas Island Flying Fish Cove English
Cocos Islands West Island English
Colombia Bogotá Spanish
Comoros Moroni Komori
Juzur al-Qamar
جزر القمر
Comores
Moroni
Moroni
موروني
Moroni
Shikomor
Arabic
(Arabic script)
French
Congo Brazzaville Congo or Congo-Brazza Brazzaville French
Congo (DRC) Kinshasa Congo Kinshasa French
Cook Islands Avarua English
Costa Rica San José Spanish
Côte d’Ivoire Yamoussoukro French
Croatia Zagreb Hrvatska Zagreb Croatian
Cuba Havana Cuba La Habana Spanish
Cyprus Nicosia Kypros
Κύπρος
Kıbrıs
Lefkosia
Λευκωσία
Lefkoşa
Greek
(Greek alphabet)
Turkish
Czech Republic Prague Česká republika
Česko
Praha Czech

Source:wikipedia

 

 

Photo retrieved from http://ccel.ca/2012/02/29/conversation-club-2/

Knowing what to say, A: Endonyms, Exonyms, and Toponyms

In linguistics, the name used to refer to a place in a foreign language is known as an exonym. The name used to refer to a geographical feature in its native language is an endonym. When visiting a foreign place it would be helpful to know both. Here’s a brief list of toponyms (names of places), some of which I plan to use while I’m in Europe!

Country (exonym) Capital (exonym) Country (endonym) Capital (endonym) Official or native language(s) (alphabet/script)
Abkhazia Sukhum Apsny
Аҧсны
Abkhaziya
Абхазия
Aqwa
Аҟəа
Sukhum
Сухум
Abhazian
(Abkhaz Cyrillic script)
Russian
(Cyrillic script)
Afghanistan Kabul Afghanestan
افغانستان
Kabul
كابل
[[Dari (Eastern Persian)| PashtuDari
(Perso-Arabic script)
Albania Tirana Shqipëria Tiranë Albanian
Algeria Algiers DzayerAl-Jazā'ir
الجزائر
DzayerAl-Jazā'ir
الجزائر
Berber language
Arabic
(Arabic script)
American Samoa Pago Pago Amerika Sāmoa
American Samoa
Pago Pago
Pago Pago
Samoan
English
Andorra Andorra la Vella Andorra Andorra la Vella Catalan
Angola Luanda Angola Luanda Portuguese
Anguilla The Valley Anguilla The Valley English
Antigua and Barbuda Saint John's Antigua and Barbuda St. John's English
Argentina Buenos Aires Argentina Ciudad de Buenos Aires Spanish
Armenia Yerevan Hayastán
Հայաստան
Yerevan
Երեվան
Armenian
(Armenian alphabet)
Aruba Oranjestad Aruba Oranjestad Dutch
Australia Canberra Australia Canberra English/ Aboriginal native languages
Austria Vienna Österreich Wien German
Azerbaijan Baku Azərbaycan Bakı Azeri
(Latin script)

Source:wikipedia

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Tips for if you get lost #2

Oh, yeah, about cognates. Some of them are false cognates, meaning that the words in both languages sound or are spelt the same, but they have different meanings. Don’t say these things if you don’t mean them haha!

False Spanish Cognates

English Spanish
globe globo (balloon)
pie pie (foot)
rope ropa (clothes)
soap sopa (soup or pasta)
large largo (long)
exit éxito (success)
hay hay (there is)

False German Cognates

German English English German
Achsel shoulder axle Achse
Advokat lawyer advocate Befürworter
After rectum after nach
Akt nude (artwork); act (theater) act (deed) Tat
alle Tage alle Tage all day den ganzen Tag
English: Map of world languages.

Map of world languages

spainflag

Knowing what to say: Border

Going to Spain? Want to expand your Spanish vocabulary in the meanwhile? Me too! So, we’ll help each other out. I’ll make  a list of words I think are important or interesting to know for a study abroad trip to Spain. Do you have any words you think that I should know in Spanish? suggest them and I’ll follow up.

la franjafran’-hah

noun ( strip, band; border, fringe )

Examples

  1. Vivo en la franja de tierra cerca del río.

    I live on the strip of land near the river.

  2. Me gusta mucho la franja amarilla en este vestido.

    I really like the yellow fringe on this dress.

Idioms

  1. la franja (horaria) de máxima audiencia

    prime time (television)

  2. la franja de edad

    age range / age-group


Brought to you by http://www.spanishdict.com

cropped-headerphoto.jpg

Tips for if you get lost #1

Okay, so I was thinking. I’m not exactly a Spanish pro, so if I got lost in Spain I may not know what to say. Which reminded my of a trick I once had to employ. By saying some of the words I didn’t know in English, but with a Spanish accent, I was able to explain something to a Spanish lady I work with who isn’t fluent in English. Listen, I know you must think I’m off my rockers to give you such advice, but think about the fact that language, just like anything else, evolves over time, and will absorb elements from surrounding languages and cultures. So, just in case you weren’t sure, I’ll be pointing out many words, which when said (in English, but not like English), mean the same or near the same in other languages. Oh, and yeah, these are referred to as cognates :) . Will also be including spanish cognates for other languages.

Spanish Cognates

English  German  (Special) Sound
garage  garaje  [gah-rah’-hay] – “j” is pronounced like an “h”
garden  jardin  har-deen
gasoline  gasolina  gah-soh-lee-na
general  general  hay-nay-rahl : in words beginning with “ge”, the “g” sounds like an “h”

German Cognates

English  German  (Special) Sound
 accent  akzent
 America  Amerika
 vague  vage  vaghe
 villa  villa
 vanilla  vanille  vah-nil-ay

Russian Cognates

English Spanish  Russian-Phonetic
night noche  noch
salt sal  sol
snow  sneg
water  vodA
sun  solntse
milk  miluko
nose  nOs
English: Map of world languages.

Map of world languages